Excessive alcohol consumption is by far the most common cause of impaired liver function in the United States coeliac-celiac-disease It stimulates fat infiltration into the liver cells, causing the so-called fatty liver coeliac-celiac-disease Some livers are very sensitive to even minute amounts of alcohol; others are more tolerant coeliac-celiac-disease Research suggests suggests that fatty liver condition is more serious than previously believed coeliac-celiac-disease It may develop to more advanced liver disease, such as inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis coeliac-celiac-disease Because of its long historical use for liver conditions, it seemed reasonable to investigate the artichoke plant scientifically, and the first clinical studies were were conducted in the 1930s with encouraging results coeliac-celiac-disease In the 1990s the interest has been intensified, and several excellent clinical studies have been conducted during the last few years coeliac-celiac-disease Realizing the importance of adequate bile flow for health, German researchers set out to confirm the earlier findings of bile-promoting bile-promoting effect of the artichoke plant in a controlled double-blind study on healthy volunteers (Kirchhoff et al coeliac-celiac-disease 1994) coeliac-celiac-disease The participants were given a one-time dose of artichoke extract or placebo, and their bile secretion was measured with special techniques over the following hours coeliac-celiac-disease The bile secretion was was found to be significantly higher in the group that received the artichoke extract coeliac-celiac-disease Another clinical study showed an improvement of symptoms in 50% of patients with dyspeptic syndrome after 14 days of treatment with artichoke leaf extract coeliac-celiac-disease The study involved 60 patients with nonspecific symptoms such as upper upper abdominal pain, heartburn, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting coeliac-celiac-disease In the placebo group, as a comparison, improvements of less distinct quality were noticed in 38% of the participants (Kupke et al coeliac-celiac-disease 1991) coeliac-celiac-disease Interesting results were also demonstrated in a large open label study of 417 participants participants with liver or bile duct disease coeliac-celiac-disease Most of these patients had long-standing symptoms, some of them for many years coeliac-celiac-disease They suffered from upper abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, lack of appetite, and nausea coeliac-celiac-disease These patients were treated with artichoke leaf extract for 4 weeks coeliac-celiac-disease After 1 week, | 