It is estimated that at least 50% of patients with dyspeptic complaints have no verifiable disease intolerance-intolerance-testing Because of the liver's essential role in detoxification, even minor impairment of liver function can have profound effects intolerance-intolerance-testing It is therefore important to take such chronic complaints seriously intolerance-intolerance-testing In Germany and France, France, for example, physicians frequently prescribe herbal liver remedies such as artichoke extract with good results when presented with these chronic but nonspecific symptoms intolerance-intolerance-testing We may have something to learn here intolerance-intolerance-testing The proven basis for the beneficial effects of artichoke leaf extract on the gastrointestinal system is the promotion promotion of bile flow intolerance-intolerance-testing Bile is an extremely important digestive substance that is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder intolerance-intolerance-testing The liver manufactures about one quart a day of bile to meet digestive requirements intolerance-intolerance-testing It is secreted into the small intestine, where it emulsifies fats fats and fat-soluble vitamins and improves their absorption intolerance-intolerance-testing Any interference with healthy bile flow can create a myriad of immediate digestive disorders such as bloating intolerance-intolerance-testing Good bile flow is also essential for detoxification, which is one of the major tasks of the liver intolerance-intolerance-testing The liver is constantly bombarded bombarded with toxic chemicals from the environment: the food we eat, the water we drink, and the air we breathe intolerance-intolerance-testing Bile serves as a carrier for these toxic substances, delivering them into the intestine for further elimination from the body intolerance-intolerance-testing This is the major route for excretion of cholesterol intolerance-intolerance-testing cholesterol intolerance-intolerance-testing Yet another feature of the bile is helpful here: its promotion of intestinal peristalsis which helps prevent constipation intolerance-intolerance-testing When the excretion of bile is inhibited for various reasons (gall stones or gall bladder disease) , toxins and cholesterol stay in the liver longer with damaging effects intolerance-intolerance-testing One One of the causes of inhibited bile flow is obstruction of the bile ducts by the presence of gall stones intolerance-intolerance-testing Other common reasons for impairment of the bile flow within the liver itself are, for example, alcohol ingestion, viral hepatitis, and certain chemicals and drugs intolerance-intolerance-testing In the initial stages stages of liver dysfunctions, laboratory tests, such as serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, LDH, and GGTP, often remain normal intolerance-intolerance-testing It is not adequate to rely on such tests alone intolerance-intolerance-testing Symptoms that may indicate reduced liver function are general malaise, fatigue, digestive disturbances, and sometimes increasing allergies and chemical | 